Attendance System

Understudy Attendance System Based On Fingerprint Recognition and One-to-Many Matching A proposition submitted in fractional ful? llment of the necessities for the level of Bachelor of Computer Application in Computer Science by Sachin (Roll no. 107cs016) and Arun Sharma (Roll no. 107cs015) Under the direction of : Prof. R. C. Tripathi Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769 008, Orissa, India 2 . Devoted to Our Parents and Indian Scienti? c Community . 3 National Institute of Technology Rourkela Certi? cateThis is to ensure that the task entitled, ‘Student Attendance System Based On Fingerprint Recognition and One-to-Many Matching’ put together by Rishabh Mishra and Prashant Trivedi is a bona fide work completed by them under my watch and direction for the halfway ful? llment of the necessities for the honor of Bachelor of Technology Degree in Computer Science and Engineering at National Institute of Technology, Rourk ela. As far as I could possibly know, the issue typified in the venture has not been submitted to some other University/Institute for the honor of any Degree or Diploma.Date †9/5/2011 Rourkela (Prof. B. Majhi) Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering 4 Abstract Our undertaking targets planning an understudy participation framework which could e? ectively oversee participation of understudies at organizations like NIT Rourkela. Participation is set apart after understudy identi? cation. For understudy identi? cation, a ? ngerprint acknowledgment based identi? cation framework is utilized. Fingerprints are viewed as the best and quickest strategy for biometric identi? cation. They are secure to utilize, interesting for each individual and doesn't change in one’s lifetime. Unique finger impression acknowledgment is a full grown ? ld today, yet at the same time distinguishing individual from a lot of enlisted ? ngerprints is a period taking procedure. It was our duty to imp rove the ? ngerprint identi? cation framework for execution on enormous databases e. g. of a foundation or a nation and so on. In this task, numerous new calculations have been utilized e. g. sexual orientation estimation, key based one to many coordinating, expelling limit details. Utilizing these new calculations, we have built up an identi? cation framework which is quicker in usage than some other accessible today in the market. In spite of the fact that we are utilizing this ? ngerprint identi? cation framework for understudy identi? ation reason in our venture, the coordinating outcomes are acceptable to such an extent that it could perform very well on enormous databases like that of a nation like India (MNIC Project). This framework was actualized in Matlab10, Intel Core2Duo processor and examination of our one to numerous identi? cation was finished with existing identi? cation procedure I. e. balanced identi? cation on same stage. Our coordinating procedure runs in O(n+N) time when contrasted with the current O(Nn2 ). The ? ngerprint identi? cation framework was tried on FVC2004 and Veri? nger databases. 5 Acknowledgments We offer our significant thanks and obligation to Prof. B.Majhi, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NIT, Rourkela for presenting the current theme and for their moving scholarly direction, productive analysis and significant recommendation all through the task work. We are additionally grateful to Prof. Pankaj Kumar Sa , Ms. Hunny Mehrotra and other sta? s in Department of Computer Science and Engineering for spurring us in improving the calculations. At last we might want to thank our folks for their help and allowing us remain for additional days to finish this task. Date †9/5/2011 Rourkela Rishabh Mishra Prashant Trivedi Contents 1 Introduction 1. 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 1. 6 1. 7 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inspiration and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilizing Biometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What is ? ngerprint? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Why use ? ngerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilizing ? ngerprint acknowledgment framework for participation the board . . . Association of the proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 30 33 35 36 2 Attendance Management Framework 2. 2. 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 Hardware †Software Level Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation Management Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On-Line Attendance Report Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System and Database Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilizing remote system rather than LAN and bringing conveyability . . . 2. 5. 1 2. 6 Using Portable Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Examination with other understudy participation frameworks . . . . . . . . . . 3 Fingerprint Identi? cation System 3. 1 3. 2 How Fingerprint Recognition functions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unique mark Identi? cation System Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Fingerprint Enhancement 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direction estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 CONTENTS 4. 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 Ridge Frequency Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gabor ? lter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Binarisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diminishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 50 51 53 54 55 56 57 59 60 5 Feature Extraction 5. 1 5. 2 Finding the Reference Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Particulars Extraction and Post-Pro cessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 2. 1 5. 2. 2 5. 2. 3 5. 3 Minutiae Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Post-Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expelling Boundary Minutiae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extraction of the key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 3. 1 What is critical? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Complex Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Partitioning of Database 6. 1 6. 2 6. 3 Gender Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classi? cation of Fingerprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apportioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Matching 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Existing Matching Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . One to Many coordinating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. 3. 1 7. 4 7. 5 Method of One to Many Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Performing key match and full coordinating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time Complexity of this coordinating procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Experimental Analysis 8. 1 8. 2 Implementation Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unique finger impression Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 2. 1 8. 2. 2 Segmentation and Normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direction Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 2. 3 8. 2. 4 8. . 5 8. 3 CONTENTS Ridge Frequency Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gabor Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Binarisation and Thinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Feature Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 3. 1 Minutiae Extraction a nd Post Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . Particulars Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subsequent to Removing Spurious and Boundary Minutiae . . . . . . . 8. 3. 2 Reference Point Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 4 Gender Estimation and Classi? ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 4. 1 8. 4. 2 Gender Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classi? cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 5 8. 6 Enrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coordinating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 6. 1 8. 6. 2 Fingerprint Veri? cation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Identi? cation Results and Comparison with Other Matching procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 70 73 74 75 79 8. 7 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Conclusion 9. 1 Outcomes of this Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Future Work and Expectations 10. 1 Approach for Future Work A Matlab capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rundown of Figures 1. 1 2. 1 2. 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 3. 1 4. 1 4. 2 Example of an edge finishing and a bifurcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment present in study halls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Study hall Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ER Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Level 0 DFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Level 1 DFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Level 2 DFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Convenient Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unique mark Identi? cation System Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direction Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a)Original Image, (b)Enhanced Image, (c)Binarised Image, (d)Thinned Image . . . . . . . . . . .

Periscope Inventors Sir Howard Grubb and Simon Lake

Periscope Inventors Sir Howard Grubb and Simon Lake A periscopeâ is an optical gadget for directing perceptions from a covered or secured position. Straightforward periscopes comprise of reflecting mirrors and additionally crystals at furthest edges of a cylinder holder. The reflecting surfaces are corresponding to one another and at a 45â ° edge to the hub of the cylinder. The Military This essential type of periscope, with the expansion of two straightforward focal points, filled for perception needs in the channels during World War I. Military work force likewise use periscopes in someâ gun turrets. Tanksâ use periscopes broadly: They permit military work force to look at their circumstance without leaving the wellbeing of the tank. A significant turn of events, the Gundlach rotational periscope, joined a pivoting top, permitting a tank authority to acquire a 360-degree field of view without moving his seat. This configuration, licensed by Rudolf Gundlachâ in 1936, first observed use in the Polish 7-TP light tank (delivered from 1935 to 1939).â Periscopes alsoâ enabled troopers to see over the highest points of channels, therefore evading introduction to adversary fire (particularly from snipers). During World War II, big guns onlookers and officials utilized explicitly made periscope optics with various mountings. Progressively mind boggling periscopes, usingâ prismsâ and/or propelled fiber optics rather than mirrors, and giving amplification, work onâ submarinesâ and in different fields of science. The general structure of the old style submarine periscope is straightforward: two telescopes pointed into one another. In the event that the two telescopes have distinctive individual amplification, the contrast between them causes a general amplification or reduction.​ Sir Howard Grubbâ The Navy qualities the development of the periscope (1902) to Simon Lake and the flawlessness of the periscope to Sir Howard Grubb. For all its innovations, USS Hollandâ had at any rate one significant defect; absence of vision when lowered. The submarine needed to suggest the surface so the team could watch out through windows in the conning tower. Proposing denied the Holland of one of the submarine’s most prominent preferences †secrecy. Absence of vision, when lowered, was in the end amended when Simon Lake utilized crystals and focal points to build up the omniscope, trailblazer of the periscope. Sir Howard Grubb, an originator of galactic instruments, built up the advanced periscope that was first utilized in Holland-planned British Royal Navy submarines. For over 50 years, the periscope was the submarine’s just visual guide until submerged TV was introduced on board the atomic fueled submarine USS Nautilus. Thomas Grubb (1800-1878) established a telescope-production firm in Dublin. Sir Howard Grubbs father was noted for designing and building hardware for printing. In the mid 1830s, he made an observatory for his own utilization furnished with a 9-inch (23cm) telescope. Thomas Grubbs most youthful child Howard (1844-1931) joined the firm in 1865, under his hand the organization increased a notoriety for the five star Grubb telescopes. During the First World War, request was on Grubbs industrial facility to put forth gunsights and periscopes for the war attempt and it was during those years that Grubb idealized the periscopes plan.

Henderson

Henderson Henderson. 1 City (1990 pop. 25,945), seat of Henderson co., NW Ky., on the Ohio River, in an oil, coal, tobacco, corn, and livestock area; founded 1797, inc. as a city 1867. Transportation equipment; plastic, metal, and paper products; furniture; chemicals; machinery; and denim fabric are manufactured. There are flour mills and lumbering, aluminum smelting, and poultry processing industries. John J. Audubon lived in Henderson from 1810 to 1819. Nearby is Audubon Memorial State Park, with a museum and a bird sanctuary. Another attraction is the Ellis Park Racecourse, with annual thoroughbred racing. A branch of the Univ. of Kentucky is in the city. 2 City (1990 pop. 64,942), Clark co., SE Nev., in a desert area overlooking Las Vegas and surrounded by mountains; inc. 1953. Limestone is produced and plastic and metal products, foods, transportation equipment, and chemicals are manufactured. Henderson is a center for defense-related industries, specializing in large-volume chemi cal manufacturing. Hydroelectric power is supplied by Hoover Dam. The city was founded (1942) to provide houses for employees of a magnesium plant. The Southern Nevada Museum is there. Nearby Mt. Charleston and Lake Mead offer recreational activities. 3 City (1990 pop. 15,655), seat of Vance co., N N.C.; settled c.1811, inc. 1841. It is in an agricultural area that produces grain, soybeans, tobacco, poultry, and livestock. Manufactures include apparel, textiles, furniture, metal products, industrial minerals, mobile homes, and foods. Nearby Kerr Reservoir on the Roanoke River offers water sports. 4 City (1990 pop. 11,139), seat of Rusk co., NE Tex.; inc. 1877. It is a prosperous oil and natural-gas city. There is also agriculture (cattle and horses, vegetables, watermelons, nursery crops, timber), manufacturing (furniture, machinery, building materials, wood products), and meat processing. Originally a pinewoods lumbering town, then a cotton center, the city was transformed in 1830 when C. M. Joiner struck the first gusher of the fabulously rich East Texas Oil Field nearby. The site of an Old Shawnee village is in the area. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Fashion During the Elizabethan Era Essay - 1243 Words

Have you ever wondered what people in the Elizabethan Era wore? Fashion was just as important in those days as it is to some people today. What people were wearing mattered to others, and even the government. During the Elizabethan Era clothing, accessories, and cosmetics were all a part of daily life. During the Elizabethan Era, there were a set of rules controlling which classes could wear which clothing called the Sumptuary Laws. The Sumptuary Laws controlled the colors and types of clothing a person could wear. This allowed an easy and immediate way to identify rank and privilege (Elizabethan Era | Clothing). Those found dressed in inappropriate clothing could be fined, lose property, lose rank, and even be killed (Elizabethan Dress†¦show more content†¦Clothing followed her tastes throughout her reign. Her hair and makeup, which you will read about later, were also highly influential. Many people aspired to resemble or look like Queen Elizabeth I. Clothing was also an i mportant part in mens lives. The Sumptuary laws implied to not only the women, but to the men too. Men also wore many layers, some similar to the women. According to Linda Alchin, The fashions were designed to give the impression of a small waist-especially desired by the women but also emulated by men (Elizabethan Upper Class Fashion). They wore most of the following under layers: a shirt, stockings, a codpiece, and a corset. Then, most of the following over layers: a doublet, separate sleeves, breeches, a belt, a ruff, a cloak, and boots or flat shoes. Mens clothing fashions were related to those of womens due to the similar, and many layers. Costumes during theatre were to be realistic. Permits were issued to allow actors to dress in necessary clothing if their character was of a different social class. Females were not permitted to act in the theatre at the time. Because of this, men were also dressed to play female characters in the theatre. Costumes played an important part in theatre. The meaning of colors and materials were the main rules set by the Sumptuary laws. Elizabethan England was divided into three social classes. The upper class included the monarch, nobility,Show MoreRelatedWhat Influenced Elizabethan Fashion1293 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Influenced Elizabethan Fashion   Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many people and instances, like government officials, celebrities, the events of different time periods, music, and even social media that can influence the fashion and culture of an era. In early England, more specifically the Elizabethan Era, much of their culture was influenced by the Royal Family. Not only did the Royal Family have great impact on the time period, but the laws that enforced how the English were allowed to act and what they wereRead MoreRenaissance Fashion Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesFashion in England during the Renaissance In today’s world most people are allowed to wear what they wish. This leads to most people having their unique fashion style. Some of today’s trending styles are an artsy, bohemian, casual, classic, or tomboy style. All of these styles are being followed because clothing stores are allowing diversity in fashion. These fashion styles also have trends that come and go. Trends come and go because nowadays people are able to easily afford these trends and hearRead MoreThe Elizabethan Era1461 Words   |  6 Pagesperiod called â€Å"The Elizabethan era†. It was full of many wonderful things, such as fashion. They had a very particular fashion. The Elizabethan era was the Queen Elizabeth Is reign which was from 1558–1603. It took place in England. It is also known as the golden age. This also happened to be when Elizabethan Theatre began to grow and playwrights like Shakespeare composed many plays that changed the way of the old style theatre ways. Towards the end of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, fashion and clothing becameRead MoreEssay on Clothes and Fashion of the Elizabethan Era1050 Words   |  5 PagesOf all aspects of Elizabethan culture, the most distinctive is probably the clothing and fashion. A lot of the clothing varied to whether they were a member of the nobility, upper class or the poor. But even if a women or man was wealthy or poor, they were not allowed to wear whatever they wanted. It was a highly fashioned age that prized a look that was artificial, elaborate, and striking. The style of clothing of the Elizabethan Era are easily recognizable today and popular with designers of historicRead MoreFashion Of William Shakespeare s Time1103 Words   |  5 PagesSwanson 22-02-1016 Fashion in Shakespeare’s Time Elizabethan Era (1558-1603) Elizabethan Era Clothing   The Elizabethan era was an extraordinarily fashion era for both man and women, a time when everything was changing from the fifteenth century simple dress to extravagant and dramatic styles which we call Elizabethan fashion. At that time, new styles, modern yet unique fabrics, charm colors, sharp design and glamor silhouette were evolving. Every layer and piece of Elizabethan outfit was equallyRead MoreQueen Elizabeth Of The Elizabethan Era1369 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, bounteous, layered skirts we re all the rage, so much so, laws were made to keep clothing in line. These laws were made to clearly divide the social classes of the time (Alchin). Knowing these laws was very important, because punishments for breaking the laws were harsh. Queen Elizabeth I saw the significance in the clothes people wear and how appearance alters the way people see others. This is why the Elizabethan people would sacrifice anything, even theirRead MoreElizabethan Er T he Era Of Beauty And Fascination1088 Words   |  5 Pages Elizabethan Era Clothing   The Elizabethan era was an extraordinarily fashion era for both man and women, a time when everything was changing from the fifteenth century simple dress to extravagant and dramatic styles which we call Elizabethan fashion. At that time, new styles, modern yet unique fabrics, charm colors, sharp design and glamor silhouette were evolving. Every layer and piece of Elizabethan outfit was equally important, from the fancy dress to the smallest details. Definitely, the ElizabethanRead MoreElizabethan Clothes and Costumes703 Words   |  3 PagesThe people who lived during the Elizabethan Era were not allowed to wear whatever they like or desired. Their Fashion choices had to be followed by a strict law! The English people chose to establish social classes by the colors they wore and this had an affect on costumes used in theatre. Queen Elizabeth I followed the sumptuary laws, which was only certain classes were consent to wear specific fabric and colors. Therefore in plays the actors c ould only wear certain colors for their costumes thatRead More History of Fashion Essay638 Words   |  3 PagesHistory of Fashion Fashion has changed a great deal over the past three centuries. As history changes it seems that fashion in some aspect changes with it to adapt to the era. Even today fashion continues to change as the years go on. Looking at fashion even 20 years ago we can see a difference from what we see in our everyday lives. For the purpose of this essay Fashion will be divided into three centuries, since not every era of clothing can be touched upon. The first era of fashion history includesRead MoreElizabethan Fashion Essay1902 Words   |  8 PagesElizabethan Fashion The Elizabethan Era was a time that reflect the mood and values of the 16th century though the use of fashion. It was a period in which a lot of originality and creativity was evident was used to create new styles of dress (Black Garland 16). The Fashion in Elizabethan England at this time reflected the values and Ideals of the era. It was

The Importance Of Deaf Culture - 1445 Words

It is quite a task to identify oneself within a â€Å"culture† due to the unique social, behavioral, and physical traits each culture represents themselves with. As I began learning about the hallmarks of Deaf culture such as â€Å"language, heritage art and history†, I began wondering about how the historical significance of each one impacted the modern choices of Deaf individuals (Holcomb 17). Our textbook Introduction to American Deaf Culture makes references to how important American Sign Language is to define the Deaf community which leaves me wondering how strong the foundation of Deaf culture would be if based on heritage rather than on language. Being Jewish I never learned Hebrew but knew all the prayers, values, and traditions to feel†¦show more content†¦Language never played in a role in how people viewed me as a Jewish youth nor did people believe I was not culturally experienced because I could not hold a conversation in a certain language. The Je wish people went through oppression both in the stories I grew up learning as well as historical events like the Holocaust which emotionally changed the lives of the Jewish population to this day and for years to come. The point of my experience as a Jewish individual is to lay the idea of how I grew up feeling appreciated by my population without a language and how the community I grew up with experienced oppression much as the Deaf community faced and show how the events we endured made our culture stronger in the long run. I believe that much like the Jewish people, Deaf people show the same pride in their community because of the oppression they faced and how the pride they feel is attributed more to their history than to language. When thinking about the historical impact against the Deaf community, the primary instance that arises in my head is the oralist movement which was supported by hearing people like Alexander Graham Bell. Many people opposed the idea of â€Å"Deaf Culture† and wanted to move Deaf children away from traditional ASL by teaching lip reading and speech to children instead of allowing them to use ASL in schools. While many could argue that this example provesShow MoreRelatedLanguage And The American Sign Language953 Words   |  4 Pages A few of the important factors that I thought were important in this unit were the American Sign Language itself, the rules of social interaction in the Deaf culture, and Deaf literature. American Sign Language is well described in the book, â€Å"Introduction to American Deaf Culture† by Thomas K. Holcomb. Holcomb explains how American Sign Language is often confused with â€Å"English on the hands.† However, Holcomb cites, â€Å"Research has clearly determined that ASL has an independent grammar that happensRead MoreFilm Analysis: Sweet Nothing in My Ear1011 Words   |  5 Pagesborn hearing and ended up going deaf, so his parents had to deliberate on whether or not they wanted to get him a cochlear implant. The wife Laura (played by Marlee Matlin) is deaf and her husband Dan is hearing. The movie is centered around Laura and Dan’s struggle to decide if a cochlear implant is what’s best for their son Adam. It doesn’t help Laura make the decision when her parents are both deaf, and her father is basically prejudiced against the hearing culture. The main characters in the storyRead MoreThe Effects Of Deafness On Deaf Children1669 Words   |  7 Pagesloss. The term Deaf is considered to be a disability solely on the fact that an individual who is Deaf is not â€Å"normal† due to their hearing loss. Most individuals do not believe that there are any benefits or positives from being Deaf, nor do they believe that a Deaf individual will ever be able to live a happy and fulfilled life. Deaf individuals do not view themselves as disabled nor do they view their lives as a loss, rather they view their Deafness as a Gain. This is called Deaf Gain, meaningRead MoreDeaf Culture in America972 Words   |  4 PagesVoices from A Culture When I finished reading the book I realized that I had just learned way more than I had been expecting. Just reading the first chapter was enough for me to be awestruck by the intricacies of the Deaf culture, but as I continued reading I realized that the depth and many levels of social structure are so detailed that being able to fully understand them would be simply impossible. I was very impressed with the amount of respect that the word Deaf conveys among the Deaf communityRead MoreEssay on Diversity in Education1208 Words   |  5 Pagesand students alike, especially for ethnic-minority Deaf students. Compared to American students, ethnic-minority Deaf students have different needs that require accommodations in the types of instruction methods from teachers. Because of the diversity within the Deaf community, it is important to stress on the importance of ethnic-minority role models for deaf college students, the academic preparedness of ethnic-minority deaf students, the dea f students’ level of comfort on campus, and the successRead MoreDeaf Again By Mark Drolsbaugh1581 Words   |  7 PagesDeaf Again is an autobiography written by Mark Drolsbaugh. In this book he begins at his birth, goes on to explain what it was like to lose his hearing, and details how this impacted and affected his life. Around the time Mark was in first grade, he began to realize that he was losing his hearing when he began having difficulty hearing some of his fellow students. His hearing continued to deteriorate until he was left completely deaf. This was very tough for Mark, because even though his parentsRead More Deaf Again by Mark Drolsbaugh Essay713 Words   |  3 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After reading Deaf Again I learned a lot of new things about Deaf culture and was drawn in by the story of Mark Drolsbaugh. The hardest fight a man has to fight is to live in a world where every single day someone is trying to make you someone you do not want to be e.e cummings. I was brought into the book immediately from this quote and realized how difficult it must have been for Mark to find his identity. He was trying to hang on to his hearing in fear of going deaf as if there was somethingRead MoreEssay on Deaf Again730 Words   |  3 PagesAfter reading Deaf Again I learned a lot of new things I didnt know about Deaf culture and was drawn in by the story of Mark Drolsbaugh. The hardest fight a man has to fight is to live in a world where every single day someone is trying to make you someone you do not want to be Ââ€" e.e cummings. I was brought into the book immediately from this quote and realized how difficult it must have been for Mark to find his identity. He was tr ying to hang on to his hearing in fear of going deaf as if thereRead MoreReflection Of Deaf Jam789 Words   |  4 PagesThe documentary Deaf Jam produced by New Day Films provided an in-depth look into the beauty and dexterity of American Sign Language (ASL) while highlighting many important aspects of deaf culture. It also gave an even deeper analysis of the personal lives of those who are deaf and the societal and emotional struggles they face every day. This was done through the eyes of an Israeli immigrant named Aneta Brodski and her empowering journey to share her story through signed slam poetry. Through watchingRead MoreDeafness Has Been A Negative Label. Being Deaf Is Considered1528 Words   |  7 PagesDeafness has been a negative label. Being Deaf is considered to be a disability solely on the belief that an individual who is Deaf is not â€Å"normal† due to their hearing loss. Most individuals do not believe that there are any benefits or positives from being Deaf, nor do they believe that a Deaf individual will ever be able to live a happy and fulfilled life. However, Deaf individuals do not view themselves as disabled nor do they view their lives lacking anything, rather they view their Deafness

Entrepreneurial Management Innovation at WIPRO Free Essays

string(89) " Wipro established ePeripherals Limited \(Wep\) diversifying into IT related businesses\." Introduction to the organization Wipro was founded in 1945 in India and is currently diversified from producing vanaspati oil during its initial set up to Information technology, consumer care, lighting, engineering and health care sectors. The company has a long history of budding from independent entrepreneurship to corporate entrepreneurship after its diversification. Though founded during the early 20th Century, this company came before economic liberalization and adroitly used the opportunities offered by deregulation to grow businesses. We will write a custom essay sample on Entrepreneurial Management Innovation at WIPRO or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the same time, they built strong organizational capabilities such as project management, quality of execution and speed. Arguably it is one of the few companies in India that changed its products and services with the pace of technological change and need. Wipro deals with business in IT services, Product engineering solutions, Technology infrastructure services, Business Process Outsourcing and other consulting related services. As of 2010 the company has employee strength of more than 100,000 and is classified as a large company in the IT sector. Currently the organization is diversified into many businesses with Information Technology services playing a major role in Wipro’s success. Today the Indian IT companies namely TCS, Wipro, HCL are renowned in the global market for their services. The various external factors leading to this situation include the Indian education system, high quality engineers, low cost of creation and high technological infrastructure. Approach to the document This report defines the various kinds of innovative outcomes in Wipro and how it evolved over 50 years to its current state that can be classified into the OECD innovation model. After this a few factors that have led to these innovative outcomes have been discussed and further classified as facilitators or barriers. Based on these observations a few recommendations are also provided to improve corporate entrepreneurship at Wipro. Definition of terms Academicians and practitioners have defined corporate entrepreneurship in many different ways in the existing literature. A number of authors emphasize that entrepreneurship primarily acts in underpinning innovation (Drucker, 1985b; McGrath, 1996; Stevenson and Jarillo, 1990). According to Schumpeter (1934) Innovation is 1) The introduction of a new good or a new quality of the good 2) The introduction of a new method of production 3) The opening of a new market 4) The conquest of a new source of supply 5) The carrying out of the new organization of an industry It can be differentiated between 4 types of innovations, namely â€Å"Product Innovation†, â€Å"Process Innovation†, â€Å"Marketing Innovation†, and â€Å"Organisational Innovation† (OECD, 2007). Corporate entrepreneurship is defined as the effort of promoting innovation from an internal organization perspective, through the assessment of potential new opportunities, alignment of resources, exploitation and commercialisation of said opportunities (McFadzean et al 2005). Corporate Entrepreneurship (McFadzean, 2005) From 1945 – 2000 individual entrepreneurship Azim Hasham Premji, the chairman of Wipro, was called upon to manage Wipro when he was 21 years old at the sudden demise of his father in 1966. He has steered the company to a rapid growth since then. In the 70’s, he realized a growing demand for computers in India with a few manufacturers. The company had no knowledge about computer manufacturing but Premji decided to venture into this and decided to collaborate with scientists from the Indian Institute of Science (IIS) to manufacture hardware and later software (when the Indian market was liberalized in 1991). Under his leadership, the fledgling US$ 2 million hydrogenated cooking fat company has grown to a US$1.76 billion IT Services organization serving customers across the globe. Value based leadership Premji has established a strong value system in Wipro and believed that values not only helped in achieving success but also made that success more enduring and lasting (2003). Based on the vision created by the leader the organization made its path towards diversifying into various sectors and successfully innovating. Below are the milestones in the value based leadership that led to its growth until 2000 1977 – WIPRO was renamed to Wipro products limited due to its wide range of products 1970’s – First Indian company to manufacture mini computers 1980 – Wipro Technologies was created to manufacture computer hardware and related software 1988 – Wipro Biomed was established to market and service bio-analytical and diagnostics instruments. In 1989 it turned into a joint venture with GE and launched Wipro GE Medical systems limited 1998 – Premji decided to undertake an image building exercise for Wipro and adopted the rainbow sunflower logo and the tag line â€Å"Applying Thought† 1999 – First Indian company to receive the SEI-CMM level 5 certification which would help the company in global business development. All these initiatives led by the leader made Premji one of the top 30 all time great entrepreneurs in the world (Business week, July 2007). The magazine said, â€Å"After making the company profitable and expanding from food oil to other consumer goods, Premji led Wipro into the nascent tech economy in the 1970s. Premji is also a hands-on manager involved in day-to-day operations, even making sales calls himself†. He believed in empowering people allowing them to express their ideas and raise voices freely. There revolutionary policies would help shape the leaders of tomorrow. Employees were free to give feedback in a transparent system and the management at Wipro learnt what was hampering team performance and what could be done to rectify any problems. Corporate entrepreneurship from 2000 onwards From 2000 onwards the company focussed on innovation as a measure to sustain its competitive advantage. Since the launch of innovation initiatives in 2000, Wipro had emerged as one of the strongest players in the Information Technology (IT) industry. The company offered a comprehensive portfolio of products based on innovative solutions. Innovation was a prerequisite at Wipro since it believed that this was essential to achieve growth and competitive advantage. It was one of the values on Wipro’s promise statement that said, † With utmost respect to human values, we promise to serve our customers with integrity through innovative, value for money solutions, by applying thought day after day.† 2000 – In September Wipro established ePeripherals Limited (Wep) diversifying into IT related businesses. You read "Entrepreneurial Management Innovation at WIPRO" in category "Essay examples" 2004 – Wipro’s innovation initiatives focused on the publishing industry resulted in huge success thus expanding the solutions to other areas – finance, insurance, and manufacturing. 900 employees working towards developing innovative business solutions (Business Week, 2006) 2007 – As of March 2007, innovative initiatives contributed to 7.5% of the toal revenues. Had a target of 10% by 2009 and successfully achieved it. Innovation council Soon the innovation council was formed and the approach aimed at soliciting ideas from the employees. The collected ideas from employees were discussed at the IC with top management reviewing the proposed ideas and analyzing how they would help the company accelerate growth and increase the quality of its new products. Thus it offered a bottom up approach to innovation although the feasibility was considered by the top management. And with selected ones, the company granted funding, technology and resources to bring into action. This encouraged the employees to suggest more innovative ideas and by the end of 2006 the council had 200 permanent employees to handle requests. Working framework for innovation at Wipro The innovation initiative at Wipro began with in depth study of successfully innovating companies like Nike, 3M Technologies and Home Depot. A 2 member team was formed to consult with academicians, experts, industrialists to chart out an innovation initiative. However after thorough examination it was observed that no existing innovation models could be replicated at Wipro. Hence by adopting a ground-up approach a focussed innovation model was built based on the requirements of the company also considering authorized customer ideas. According to Oslo Manual for measuring innovation there are 4 types of innovation product innovation; process innovation; marketing innovation and organisational innovation. However the working framework of innovation at Wipro classifies innovation at Wipro as Process Innovation, Technology Innovation, Delivery Innovation and Business Innovation. Applied innovation framework Wipro’s applied innovation was a 360 degree approach to business that focussed on four domains – business, process, technology and delivery. This would help Wipro technologies work collaboratively with its clients to reduce the cost of a project, speed up the process of delivery and identify new opportunities for business. Innovation at Wipro (Divakaran Mangalath, 2006) Process innovation As part of its innovation process Wipro applied the principles of lean manufacturing and six sigma to its process of software design and development. This helped it increase productivity by 10% since it reused tools and components. It was evident that after lean principles of engineering were applied to over 700 projects, 20-30% savings were recovered for the company (director’s report, 2007). Delivery Innovation This included the software factory model and the global delivery model. The factory model integrated several IT functions into a centralized supply chain allowing common areas of work to be grouped for better quality and time saving. Wipro observed 10-15% reduction in cycle time of demand to delivery of products. It was globally used across projects and Wipro was credited with pioneering the virtual distributed software development model that enabled companies to manage large projects through virtually distributed teams. Technology innovation The company was involved in creating IPs (Intellectual Properties) that effectively enabled its customers to reduce time in the product life cycle and improve the success rates of the products. Eg: the company developed a plug-n-play patent and IP that helped reduce the product’s time-to-market by 20-25%. Also they were the largest bank of patents in bluetooth, wireless LAN and IEEE 1394. Business innovation To improve its relation with customers, the company focussed on business solutions that were specific to the related industry. Wipro’s business innovations included Data Privacy and Master Data Management, Clinical Data Management, Integrated Publishing platform, vendor managed inventory, retail pharmacy, etc. Wipro also developed the GCC (Global command center) with IT infrastructure for its customers. The customers were happy to monitor, diagnose, store and secure applications as and when needed. The outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship In 8 years, by the end of 2008, innovation became an integral part of product development process. Since the cyclic processs has been inculcated in the employees, the â€Å"time-to-market† was significantly decreased for new products and also the products used leading-edge technology. A work flow solution – Flow-Brix was estimated to generate revenues in the range US$ 75,000 – US$ 1 million. Innovation had spread across all sectors of the organization and i-Desk was the first one to enable easy HR management – by a collaborating workplace tool for workflow solutions for publishing. All these innovation initiatives have been fruitful and also helped the company attract prospective employees to fill 29% of vacancies in 2006 (Business week, 2006) Hence it was certain that the innovation process enabled a strong product portfolio and also brought good revenue streams. In Wipro technologies, the company was focussing on consultancy services which would further enhance its image in the global software industry. Internal organizational factors to consider for successful innovation Effect of leadership In Wipro it was not only recruiting the right kind of people, but also in proper training of its people. Employees were mandated to frequent internal training sessions with major responsibilities showered on them although they may not seem well prepared for the role. Premji (2005) defined 8 leadership qualities which were made a standard against which new employees would be recruited and trained. He believed that training and development at various stages were designed by mapping people’s competencies to specific roles in the Life Cycle Stage Development Plan. Innovation Culture Premji also placed utmost importance on innovation and creativity in developing a successful organization. Stressing the importance of innovation for the overall development of the organization, Premji said, â€Å"Innovation is essentially the application of high creativity. It need not be restricted to just products; it applies to services, employee attitude and across all levels. Innovation is a fundamental mindset pursued seriously by an organization. It is imperative to imbibe the culture of innovation†(Manu B. 2006). Analysts report that the open and supportive culture at Wipro gives employees the opportunity to develop their skills and as a result, contribute more to the organization. Management practices In order to come out with innovative products and services, the top management at Wipro committed itself to fostering innovation in the organization and encouraging employees to come out with innovative ideas. Value system The company also strove to make it more customers centric. The company believes in the objective of â€Å"customer-in† where the voice of the customers is built in the products rather than being â€Å"product-out† where the products are sold by marketing its features to the customer. Premji also believed that this value system has to remain intact even after his tenure which was openly admired by the competitors. Organizational structure In Wipro the organizational structure was also responsible for carrying out innovation initiative in selected projects. The company emphasized the commercial viability of an idea along with innovation. The concept was to create components with Intellectual Properties (IP) that would generate revenues over a period of time rather than one-time revenue from projects. Innovation strategy Another approach to innovation involved executives of several industry vertical business units identifying new technologies that would be of importance to their clients in the near future. The objective was to have expertise in the new technologies and come up with the products and productive services that could be patented by Wipro. These centres also work with research institutes, technology providers and also provide a platform for the growth of the employees. The company was able to launch new products continuously due to its innovation strategy, which considerably reduced the time between idea-generation and final product development. A few hindrances to effective innovation Competitive rivalry WIPRO was able to produce hardware and software for the domestic market, however due to high competition and low quality; they decided that they could not export their products in a market that had the niche products from the big companies. They were not ready to take the risk of competing with IBM, Intel, and Apple and decided to use the opportunity where doors were open in the Indian market. If in the process, they were able to attain the quality as these giants, they could have made it to the bigger markets in no time and could have proven cost effective than other options. But due to unavailability of high quality raw material and skilled resources, they had to limit to the domestic market. National culture India is a developing nation and it takes time for technological changes to occur. Also the initial cost of hardware and software related to new technology is very high and not affordable to most projects. Hence although the Innovation council decides on feasible innovative ideas posted by employees, quite often they are rejected due to unavailability of resources in the country. However the company is striving to compete with global competitors in the technological field and this barrier can cause a major impact on the innovation strategy. Recommendations Top down approach An entrepreneurial vision indicates the strategic intent of the organization. Stein (2002) proposed that the most admired companies set challenging goals. This vision encourages individuals to hold informal discussion with colleagues, friends and share the knowledge that they bring with different project experiences. This helps refine the idea based on the critical analysis by more than one person. Thus the vision setter actually motivates employees to strive to excel beyond their capabilities and routines. Although innovation and creativity cannot be forced on employees, this provides a platform to discuss, relate and generate new ideas. This continuous innovation is also possible only when the employee understands and accepts the vision and strives to deliver it. Team based activities In Wipro technologies project work is also carried out in teams. This inculcates an team based culture for working among employees. Although the employee is not forced to discuss innovative ideas within his team he can depend upon forums to find people with similar interests. As part of knowledge sharing the company encourages participation in forums and blogging. Thus a webbed structure is created in sharing ideas. For example, people working for different projects but with similar technological backgrounds can rely upon the forums for their needed expertise. In this way simple tools created in one project can be easily passed on to other projects with similar requirements effectively reducing time to collaborate with the Innovation council. This can also be seen as a knowledge management initiative that fosters innovation. A new perspective The organization can look upon innovative ideas as a change management process. The organization has keenly created the Innovation council to take care of the process. However the acceptability of existing teams to these new ideas is not calculated as a risk. People could be inflexible in accepting a novel way of doing business. They are more comfortable with the routine methods and could prove a failure to the case. Along with innovation management the organization should also consider change management as part of the culture. This would improve acceptability of ideas and keep the cyclic process of innovation going on. Conclusion Wipro which began with the success of an individual entrepreneur has matured to a corporate entrepreneur that fosters innovation. The innovation discussed about Wipro technologies in particular can be applied to other industries too. Analysts feel that these internal organizational factors – culture, leadership, strategy give employees the environment conducive for continuous innovation and contribute more to the organization. However, the company has to rethink of its methods since close competitors like TCS, Infosys and CTS are also making huge investments in innovation. Hence with increased competition, it is a challenge for Wipro to sustain the current position of the innovation leader in the Indian market. References Azim Premji, â€Å"8 Steps to Excellence†, The Smart Manager, January 2005. â€Å"Azim Premji’s Interview with IIM Bangalore’s S.Krishna†, www.azimpremjifoundation.com, March 2003. â€Å"Director’s Report,† www.moneycontrol.com, March 2007. Divakaran Mangalath, â€Å"What Makes Innovation Work,† www.wipro.com, December 2006. Drucker, P.F. (1985b), Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles, Heinemann, London. Elspeth McFadzean, Andrew O’Loughlin, Elizabeth Shaw, (2005) â€Å"Corporate entrepreneurship and innovation part 1: the missing link†, European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 8 Iss: 3, pp.350 – 372 Gupta, A.K. and Govindarajan, V. (2000), â€Å"Knowledge flows within multinational corporations†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 473-96. Jon Tozzi, â€Å"The Greatest Entrepreneurs of All Time,† Business Week, July 2007. Manu A B, â€Å"Premji on Innovation, Creativity,† www.rediff.com, February 16, 2006. McGrath, R.G. (1996), â€Å"Options and the entrepreneur: towards a strategic theory of wealth creation†, Academy of Management Proceedings, pp. 101-5. OECD (2007): OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2007, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, p. 94. Stein, J.C. (2002), â€Å"Information production and capital allocation: decentralized versus hierarchical firms†, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 57 No. 5, pp. 1891-922. Stevenson, H.H. and Jarillo, J.C. (1990), â€Å"A paradigm of entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial management†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 17-27. Schumpeter, J.A. (1934): The Theory of Economic Development, 13th Printing 2007, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Wiklund, J. and Shepherd, D. (2003), â€Å"Knowledge-based resources, entrepreneurial orientation, and the performance of small and medium-sized businesses†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, pp. 1307-14. â€Å"Wipro’s New Groove,† www.businessweek.com, February 17, 2006. â€Å"QA with Wipro’s Azim Premji,† www.businessweek.com, November 27, 2006. How to cite Entrepreneurial Management Innovation at WIPRO, Essay examples

The Difference Between A Play And Other Forms Of Literature Is That A

The difference between a play and other forms of literature is that a play is meant to be seen and heard, not merely read. As such, the playwright's text is the center of a larger effort on the part of director, actors and designers as they attempt to aid the audience's understanding of the play's plot, their sympathies with its characters and, ultimately, with the themes that it addresses. Each scene of a play helps an audience to build its appreciation of the play as a whole. The director, actors, designers and other various stage hands are all part of a team that helps to convey the writer's ultimate message. The greatest example of any of these principles would most likely be found in a Shakespearean play. I believe Act 3, Scene II in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" would be the best illustration of this theory. Now the characters in this scene are Oberon, Robin Goodfellow, Lysander, Demetrius, Hermia and Helena. Oberon is the king of the fairies. His mission in this scene is twofold; get Titania, his wife, to fall in love with a beast and have Demetrius fall in love with Helena. In the end he achieves both goals. Robin is basically a bumbling sidekick to the king. Oberon gave him the potion to put on Demetrius' eyes, but he instead puts it on Lysander's. Lysander is in love with Hermia as she is with him. Helena is in love with Demetrius who was at one time in love with her, but now would like to marry Hermia. This scene takes place deep in the forest. I think this is very important, because the forest is a dark place full of mystery, and mystery is a nice prelude to romance. It must not be a very big forest, because when Hermia asked Lysander to meet her there, she never established any specific spot. This adds to the idea that this is a very localized problem. Everyone knows who everyone else is, and everyone is in love with the wrong person. Now Lysander and Hermia were supposed to meet in the forest to plan their elopement, but Helena told Demetrius of their plans in order to gain his favor. Demetrius ran after Hermia and Helena ran after him. Of course no one knows that anyone's been anointed with any love potion which creates most of the confusion. Once Robin gets it right and gets Demetrius to fall in love with Helena, she mistakes it for some cruel joke. Hermia however, takes the situation all too seriously. She really starts to believe Lysander is in love with Helena, especially when he's ready to duel with Demetrius for her hand. Luckily, however, Robin impersonates the both of them, and he leads them away from each other to someplace they can each fall asleep. We see many different themes throughout this scene. The theme "love is blind" is certainly conveyed powerfully. How else could we explain Titania being in love with Bottom, who at this point has the head of an ass? This also explains how Lysander can suddenly be in love with someone whom he's never shown the slightest bit of interest in until now. Of course there's also the reversal of roles in this scene. In a previous scene, Helena was being treated as one would treat a dog. Demetrius was literally shaking her off of his leg, while she simply asked for more when she said, "I am your spaniel, Demetrius, The more you beat me I will fawn on you". In this scene however, Demetrius has a change of heart and we hear him proclaim, "O Helen, goddess, nymph, perfect, divine! To what, my love shall I compare thine eyne?" Hermia, who up till now was wanted by both Lysander and Demetrius, gets nothing but loathing from the two. Where before they would shower her with nothing but praises, now they shout insults at her, and even threaten her with bodily harm. You would think all this messing around with people's emotions would complicate the plot to immeasurable ends, but in the end it actually begins to resolve it. Because of Robin's little mishap, we have a great deal of confusion during a good share of this scene. Demetrius and Lysander are ready to kill each other in order to be with Helena. This is apparent when they exchange "fighting" words: LYSANDER: Now She holds me not. Now follow, if thou dar'st, to try whose right, Of thine or mine, is most